2014年10月21日 星期二

[Social Cognition]Social Perception and Social Knowledge (I) Definition and Measurment

Social Cognition
Social Cognition包含五個領域:(Roder & Medalia, 2010)
1.    Emotional processing
2.    Social perception
3.    Social knowledge
4.    Attributional bias
5.    Theory of mind
很多文獻都將Social perceptionSocial knowledge放在一起討論,因為這兩個Domain的定義有重複的地方。

Social Perception
定義:
1.   A person’s ability to judge social cues from contextual information and communicative gestures, including awareness of the roles, rules and goals that typically characterize social situations and guide social interactions.(Addington, Saeedi, & Addington, 2006; Corrigan & Green, 1993a; Roder & Medalia, 2010)
2.    Constructing an understanding of the social world from the data we get through our senses. The way we form impressions of other people's traits and personalities.【1】
3.    人們在與他人的互動過程中,對社會對象(他人或人際關係)的信息進行觀察、歸因和整合,以達到彼此認識和了解的過程。(程千芳 & 游一龍, 2010)
常用評估工具:
1.    Social Cue Recognition Test, SCRT (Addington et al., 2006; Corrigan & Green, 1993a) {SCRT full [1],[2],[3]} 【2】
l82-3分鐘的影片,內容為2-3個人社交的情況短片(如:幾個朋友一起拼拼圖的談話,家人之間的談話或事件)
l參與者看完影片之後,再回答36提是非題。題目內容包含影片中出現的線索,可能是具體的也可能是抽象的。
l總共會獲得三個分數:具體線索分數、抽象線索分數、總分
2.    Profile of Non-Verbal Sensitivity, PONS Test (Rosenthal, Hall, DiMatteo, Rogers, & Archer, 1979)
l這個測驗分為一片長47分鐘的黑白影片,由220個編了編號的項次組成。這220個編號由11個頻道隨機出現,一個頻道中含20個小場景,每個頻道會使用不同給予線索的方式呈現這20個片段。(如Table 1.

Social Knowledge
定義:
1.    Knowledge of the real world.(Cutting & Murphy, 1988) 2篇文獻引用此定義)
2.    A sensitive to interpersonal cues that someone awareness of rules, goals and the roles that characterize social situations in order to identify social (Corrigan & Green, 1993a; Roder & Medalia, 2010).2篇文獻引用此定義)
3.   The use of knowledge about a particular individual based on past interaction and observations to guide actions in the present.(Bergman & Sheehan, 2013)
4.    又稱Social Schema(Matsui et al., 2009; Roder & Medalia, 2010)
常用評估工具:
1.    Situational Features Recognition Test, SFRT(Corrigan & Green, 1993b) {SFRT full, [1],[2]}【3】
l是一種紙筆測驗,總共有九個事件,每個事件分成兩張清單,一張是這個事件會做的事情,另一張是做這件事情會達到的目的。每張清單中總共會有14個子項目,六個項目是此事件的特徵,其他八個項目是與此事件無關的選項,個案必須從中挑選出與此事件相關的選項。每個事件最後都會詢問個案對於這個事件熟悉度的自評。
l具有良好的心理計量特性(Addington et al., 2006; Corrigan, 1997)
l另有文獻探討此評估工具的效度(Corrigan, Buican, & Toomey, 1996)
2.    Schema Comprehension Sequencing Test-Revised, SCST-R (Corrigan & Addis, 1995)
l是個電腦化的評估測驗,此測驗中包含了12個社交的情況,這之中再分成6個短流程,6個長流程。短流程的題目中有6個步驟,長流程的則為9個步驟,受測者須將這些步驟按照流程排序。
3.    Social Knowledge Questionnaire (Cutting & Murphy, 1990)
l這是一個紙筆測驗評估個案在團體中傾向如何處理事情,總共有九題情況提,每題有四個選項,為單選題。分數範圍為0-9
小結:
1.    我對Social perceptionSocial knowledge的詮釋:
Social perception是藉由感官知覺來收集並處理與他人互動之間的訊息,那Social knowledge便是藉由已經處理過之訊息過程變成記憶,讓之後我們遇到類似的狀況,會使用特定的處理方式應變。例如說,我們第一次遇到新的狀況,我們會使用Social perception來處理,之後若是遇到相同或類似的狀況,我們會使用Social knowledge來應變。
2.    可參考文獻之作者整理:
l   Corrigan, P. W. (1992-1997發表較多文章)
l   Green, M. F.
l   Cutting, J. (1988, 1990發表關於SKQ之文獻)
l   Matsui, M. (發表文獻的範圍較廣泛,較多是針對精神疾病患者所設計的研究)
3.    Corrigan, P. W.有幾篇關於他所設計的評估工具做心理計量特性的研究,下一步驟針對幾個較常用的評估工具找尋其心理計量特性的相關研究。

References
   Addington, J., Saeedi, H., & Addington, D. (2006). Influence of social perception and social knowledge on cognitive and social functioning in early psychosis. Br J Psychiatry, 189, 373-378. doi: 10.1192/bjp.bp.105.021022
   Bergman, T. J., & Sheehan, M. J. (2013). Social knowledge and signals in primates. Am J Primatol, 75(7), 683-694. doi: 10.1002/ajp.22103
   Corrigan, P. W. (1997). The social perceptual deficits of schizophrenia. Psychiatry, 60(4), 309-326.
   Corrigan, P. W., & Addis, I. B. (1995). The effects of cognitive complexity on a social sequencing task in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res, 16(2), 137-144.
   Corrigan, P. W., Buican, B., & Toomey, R. (1996). Construct validity of two tests of social cognition in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res, 63(1), 77-82.
   Corrigan, P. W., & Green, M. F. (1993a). Schizophrenic patients' sensitivity to social cues: the role of abstraction. Am J Psychiatry, 150(4), 589-594.
   Corrigan, P. W., & Green, M. F. (1993b). The Situational Feature Recognition Test - a Measure of Schema Comprehension for Schizophrenia. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res, 3(1), 29-35.
   Cutting, J., & Murphy, D. (1988). Schizophrenic thought disorder. A psychological and organic interpretation. Br J Psychiatry, 152, 310-319.
   Cutting, J., & Murphy, D. (1990). Impaired ability of schizophrenics, relative to manics or depressives, to appreciate social knowledge about their culture. Br J Psychiatry, 157, 355-358.
   Matsui, M., Arai, H., Yonezawa, M., Sumiyoshi, T., Suzuki, M., & Kurachi, M. (2009). The effects of cognitive rehabilitation on social knowledge in patients with schizophrenia. Appl Neuropsychol, 16(3), 158-164. doi: 10.1080/09084280903098414
   Roder, V., & Medalia, A. (2010). Neurocognition and social cognition in schizophrenia patients basic concepts and treatment. In V. Roder & A. Medalia (Eds.). Basel: Basel : S. Karger.
   Rosenthal, R., Hall, J. A., DiMatteo, M. R., Rogers, P. L., & Archer, D. (1979). Sensitivity to Nonverbal Communication: The PONS Test. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
   程千芳, & 游一龍. (2010). 普通心理學 = General psychology. 台北: 華杏出版社.
【2】 The National Consortium on Stigma and Empowerment - Social Cue Recognition Test
【3】 The National Consortium on Stigma and Empowerment - Situational Features Recognition Test

PS.
1.  以上是我針對Social Perception and Social Knowledge兩個Domains整理出來的條列式描述,若有寫錯或是寫不清楚的地方,還請大家提出,我會再去釐清。
2.  想要嘗試全中文或全英文(規定格式撰寫),但是最後呈現的結果還是中英交雜,會再嘗試改進此項缺點。

以上,謝謝大家。
感謝所有被我打擾過的老師及學長姊。


2 則留言:

  1. ooks good!
    yes, 找出各工具之心理計量驗證論文
    並彙整之,若有困難請找我

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  2. 11/24 SCST-R評估內容似乎有不同版本,需再確認

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